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Post a new comment Error. Post a new comment. It is also important to promote vigorous air circulation within the grow room, which is usually accomplished by mounting an extraction fan and one or more oscillating fans. Power supplies that can be unscrewed from lamp luminaires can be placed outside grow tents to reduce the temperature a bit.
Assuming adequate light and nutrients are available to plants, the limiting factor in plant growth is the level of carbon dioxide CO 2. Ways of increasing carbon dioxide levels in the grow-room include: bottled carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide generators, a milk jug and yeast solution in which yeast grows in a container thereby emitting CO 2 , a baking soda and vinegar mixture in a container, or dry ice.
Certain plants e. This presents difficulties to those who are cultivating in places where it is illegal, or for growers who may prefer discretion for other reasons. The most common way of eliminating odor is by pulling odorous air through a carbon filter. Many cultivators simply attach a large carbon filter to their air extraction system, thereby filtering any smell before the air is expelled from the grow-room. Another way of eliminating odor is by installing an ozone generator in the extraction ducting.
The air is forced past the ozone generator by the extraction fan, and the odorous air is neutralized as it mixes with the ozone; however the cultivator must ensure that the air is thoroughly mixed before it is expelled outside, lest some odor escape.
Care must be taken to prevent excessive ozone concentrations in the garden itself, or where it might be inhaled by the grower or their family. Ozone itself has a distinctive smell and is harmful to living things, although the molecule breaks down quickly 20 minutes to an hour in atmospheric conditions. Indoors there are numerous configurations that people utilize to grow quality cannabis.
Some growers will convert an entire room or closet, making it devoted to growing cannabis. A relatively new configuration involves the use of grow tents. These are plastic or metal framed tents which are covered in a strong flexible reflective plastic and have light proof zipper doors. Some growers will construct grow cabinets made out of an old refrigerator, cabinet, dresser drawer or similar. Indoor growing has become increasingly common over the past decade because of the increased availability of equipment, seeds and instructions on how to cultivate.
So-called grow-ops growing operations, often located in grow houses are seen by many marijuana enthusiasts as a much cheaper way to gain a steady, higher-quality supply of cannabis. On a larger scale they have proven a viable commercial venture, with some law enforcement agencies finding grow-ops large enough to yield several kilograms of cannabis.
More expansive grow-ops are generally more susceptible to detection than smaller operations. In the UK, so much cannabis is grown in illegal facilities that the UK is an exporter of cannabis. After cannabis as a drug was rescheduled as a Class B drug in see below , more people started reporting on their suspicions of illegal operations and in almost illegal facilities were found by police in one year.
Vietnamese teenagers are trafficked to the United Kingdom and forced to work in these facilities. When police raid them, trafficked victims are typically sent to prison. Because individual grow light power generally ranges from watts to watts or more and because the lights remain lit for a long time each day, differences in utility bill costs are a significant security issue. Employing energy saving methods is a common way to alleviate this, for instance; switching off light bulbs when leaving rooms, purchasing energy efficient appliances, using TVs or computers less, buying lower power light bulbs and so forth.
Some plants e. Growers frequently use carbon scrubbers and ventilation to control odors. This typically involves forcing air from the grow room through a device containing activated carbon, then venting it outdoors. Others use an ozone generator. Ozone reacts with odor molecules in the air, permanently eliminating them. However, ozone can build up to levels that may be hazardous both for grower and plant.
As a last resort, keeping windows firmly shut and using strong air fresheners can control smells. Checking outside to see if any smells are emanating from indoors is often a necessary precaution, as many growers become acclimated to the smell, and fail to realize just how pervasive the odor may be. Many store plants in more isolated areas such as a basement or attic to prevent smell detection. Another less common solution is to simply grow a strain with a weaker odor.
Storing plants and lights away from windows and areas that visitor may see is also common, as is keeping the plants in an attic or basement. Some growers, finding this impractical, may cover windows with light-resistant materials. This can solve the problem of escaping bright light but may arouse suspicion amongst neighbors and local residents. Many cultivators face the risk of fire. Fires normally originate from faulty electrical equipment or wiring.
Shoddy fixtures and sockets, improperly grounded equipment, and overloaded circuit breakers are some of the most prevalent causes. Because of the large amount of electricity needed for large-scale cultivation, old or damaged wiring is prone to melt and short. Some commercial growers steal power to hide electricity use, and many do not ensure that their wiring is safe.
Many growers adapt light cycles so that the lights are on when they are home and off when they are away. Another fire hazard is plants making contact with hot HID bulbs. Growers using fluorescent bulbs with reasonable air circulation do not have this problem. Word of mouth can be as much a threat to growers as any of the above issues. Often, a few sentences of conversation overheard can result in a tip-off and thus speedy detection. It is for this reason that many growers are reluctant to talk about their cultivation.
For houses used as grow-ops, the interiors may have received significant structural, electrical and heating system modifications not in accordance with applicable building, natural gas and electrical codes, such as overloaded existing electrical system or a bypass circuit to avoid paying for the electricity required to power the high intensity light bulbs and fans, disconnected furnace venting, or holes in floors and walls for increased airflow.
These changes replicate warm, humid climates where hybrid plants flourish and produce high potency cannabis. Such modifications may result in considerable structural damage. Cultivation over a period of time may lead to moisture and toxic mold. One of the largest such examples was masterminded by Markham, Ontario real estate agent, John Trac and Jennifer Wu, who turned 54 rented houses into grow-ops; he was convicted and imprisoned.
Holmes noted that in one of his past jobs on Holmes on Homes , he and his crew gutted the entire house after discovering it was a grow-op. In some municipalities, after the police raid a grow-op house they are required to contact the municipality to ensure that it is put back in good condition before being offered for sale, while real estate agents and sellers may be required by law to disclose that the home had been a grow-op.
Home inspectors routinely fail to detect tell-tale signs that a house had been used as a grow-op. In general, harvesting consists of drying and curing. Curing is an oxidization and polymerization process which takes place in sealed containers of cannabis, over time. This is seen under a 30—60x microscope by examining the trichomes on the flowers. When trichomes are undeveloped they are completely clear. Harvesting before most trichomes have turned white may reduce the overall potency and efficacy time.
The plants are dried at room temperature in a dark space. This process can take from a few days to two weeks, depending on the size and density of the buds and the relative humidity of the air. Higher humidity will create a mold and mildew risk, while lower humidity will cause the material to dry too quickly. If the plant material dries too quickly, some of the chlorophyll will fail to be converted to a different chemical form which will result in a sub-optimal taste and a harsher smoke when combusted and inhaled.
Stable temperature preserves cannabinoids well. Some believe flowers should be hung by their stalks, allowing the internal fluids of the plant to remain in the flowers. Others believe the cut stem is simply a handy non-sticky place from which to hang the plant. Roots are removed, and when the stems in the middle of the largest buds can be snapped easily, the plant is considered dry enough to be cured.
Drying is done in a dark place, as THC resins deteriorate if exposed to light and the degradation product CBN forms, significantly altering the cannabinoid profile of the dried flowers. Drying the harvest is generally not considered risky by novice indoor growers of cannabis who would like to assume that they have gotten safely to the end of their "grow" by the time they are harvesting their plants.
However, generally speaking most will underestimate the sheer scale of odor produced during the cropping, moving and hanging plants to dry. Indoor growers in areas where cultivation is illegal may consider this an obstacle in their overall efforts as the first three days of drying produces very large amounts of discernible odor organic molecules which the grower themself may be desensitised to. These will be evaporating and likely discernible to others anywhere in the vicinity of the general area.
In less populated areas with good air movement dissolution and dispersal techniques for odor management may be employed i. Whatever method is to be employed, novice growers in illegal areas would do well to not underestimate the sheer volume of organic molecules being dissipated into the air when harvesting.
A simple way to check this is by closing the cannabis up in an airtight glass container with a hygrometer. Some growers even cure as long as six months, while others do not cure at all. As with tobacco, curing can make the cannabis more pleasant to smoke. For the same reasons as when drying, curing jars are stored in a cool, dark place. Brick weed is a curing and packaging method of cannabis cultivation that consists in drying the bud for a short period, if at all, and pressing it with a hydraulic press, compacting the whole plant bud, stems and seeds into a brick, hence the name brick weed.
This method is mainly used in the top cannabis producing countries like Mexico and Paraguay where it is largely exported. Brick weed has a low THC level and less potent aroma and taste. Both indoor and outdoor growers are likely to confront issues regarding pests. Indoor growers have problems with pests, they can be brought in by hitchhiking on humans or through open exposure to the outdoors. The most common insect pest found on above ground plant parts, leaves, flowers and stems, include aphids, thrips, mites and loopers.
Several plant diseases may also be prevalent and including bud rot, powdery mildew and root rot. If any of these pests are caught too late, eradication of many destructive species may prove futile unless all infected plants are removed from the space and sterilization methods employed. In any case indoor or outdoor , experienced growers recommend caution when using chemical pesticides, for they may have toxic effects on the environment, the plants themselves and in turn cannabis consumers.
As a general rule, experts mandate the deployment of pesticides clearly marked as "safe to use on food crops. Indoor cultivators employ many training techniques to encourage shorter plants and denser canopy growth.
Some cultivators employ plant training techniques to increase yields indoors:. Topping is the removal of the top of the apical meristem dominant central stem , called the apex or terminal bud, to transfer apical dominance the tendency for the apex to grow more rapidly than the rest of the plant to the shoots emanating from the two nodes immediately beneath the pruning cut.
This process can be repeated on one or both of the two new meristems, when they become apically dominant, with the same results. This process can actually be repeated nigh infinitely, but over-diffusion of apical dominance produces smaller, lower quality buds, so it is usually done no more than a few times. Topping also causes more rapid growth of all of the branches below the cut while the plant heals.
Pinching also called "FIMing" is similar to topping in that it causes lower branches to grow more rapidly, but the apical meristem maintain apical dominance, which is especially useful if the plant has already been topped. Pinching is performed by firmly pinching the apical meristem s so as to substantially damage vascular and structural cells but without totally breaking the stem. This causes lower limbs to grow more rapidly while the pinched tissue heals, after which time the stem resumes apical dominance.
This technique involves bending and tying the plants branches to manipulate the plant into a more preferred growth shape. This method of training works very well for indoor growers who need to illuminate their plants using overhead lights. LST can be used in conjunction with topping, since topping increases axial growth side shoots.
The training works by changing the distribution of hormones—more specifically auxins —in the plant. Outdoor gardeners also employ training techniques to keep their plants from becoming too vertical. In contrast to the "Screen of Green" method, Sea of Green or SOG growing depends on the high density of plants as high as 60 per square metre or 6 per square foot to create uniformity in the crop. In this technique, which is often grown in hydroponic media, only the colas of the plants are harvested.
Containers are used to enforce the geometric distribution of flowers and plant material, as well as their exposure to lighting and atmosphere. Sea of green is popular with commercial cultivators, as it minimizes the amount of time a plant spends in vegetative stage, and allows very efficient light distribution, keeping the plants much closer to the lights than when grown to full size.
Medical growers may find this a helpful technique to maximize harvest if they are only allowed a certain number of plants. A screen such as chicken wire is hung over plants so that the tips of branches are kept at the same level. Once the flowering stage begins, the flower tips reach through the wire and are at relatively equal distances from the light source.
Vegetative state : The plant should remain in the vegetative state until 70 to 80 percent of the net is full. As a branch reaches 7. Because of the amount of plant required to fill the net, the vegetative period may require longer than normal to be ready for flowering. If the net is not full at harvest, valuable space has been wasted. If the net is too full then the buds will be too crowded to develop properly.
Knowing how a plant grows can help to visualize when to flower for maximum effect. Hydroponic cultivation generally occurs in greenhouses or indoors, although there is no practical obstacle to growing outdoors. In general, it consists of a non-soil medium exposed to a nutrient and water flow.
There are many types of hydroponic systems. If the nutrient solution floods the loose growing medium and recedes for aeration, this is an ebb and flow or flood and drain system. Systems that gradually drip solution onto the medium are drip systems. Systems that intermittently spray roots floating in air are called aeroponic systems. If aerated water runs down a channel lined with a film of rooting medium, this is a nutrient film technique system.
A series of tubes intermittently running high flow nutrient solution into the tops of growing containers use a top feed system. Aquaponics, another growing method that is gaining popularity, employs the use of fish water and recirculates that water from the fish holding tank to the growing bed.
Hydroponic systems greatly increase aeration of plant roots, and increase control of nutrient uptake. Hydroponic systems are decidedly more difficult to operate for the amateur or hobby grower, as over-fertilization is common, because there is no soil to act as a nutrient buffer. For this reason, many growers now use coconut fiber as a soil-less medium because of its high drainage and buffering capabilities that make it almost impossible to over-fertilize. Additionally, if a hydroponic system fails, the crop has a high probability of dying as the roots rapidly dry out this is especially true of aeroponic systems.
There is now a new breed of hydroponic configurations such as the Omega Garden, the B-Pod and the EcoSystem Vertical Growing System that use circular designs to maximize efficiency. This consists of plants being placed or, in the case of the Omega Garden, revolving around a central light that makes maximum use of the light output.
This is frequently done by selecting one or more known strains, or strains with preferred genetics, and then growing a number plants to find which exhibit the characteristics most desirable. These genetics should typically yield at least 1 gram per watt per month of flower. Autoflowering cannabis strains, also known as day-neutral cannabis are a relatively new development for the home cultivator.
These autoflower strains are usually crosses that contain high percentages of well known photoperiod strains and Cannabis ruderalis with its autoflowering characteristics. The plant produced from an autoflowering seed will transition from a very short vegetative period, usually 2 to 3 weeks from germination, into flowering regardless of photoperiod. The result is that no separate vegetative and flowering lighting environment is needed.
The first autoflowering cannabis seed on the market was the Lowryder 1. The genetics of the ruderalis was still highly present which made for a very low yield and little psychoactive effect. After many years of autoflower inbreeding seed makers have now come up with autoflowering strains that can produce yields close to the regular strains and still are flowering independent from the light cycle.
Instability of gender is a desirable trait in the wild, where reproduction is the most urgent goal. In cultivation, gender predictability is more helpful, because female plants that have not been pollinated are the most productive of the psychotropic material.
It is possible to use a combination of cloning and "shocking" of plants to get them to produce feminized seeds that reliably produce female offspring. A clone retains the same sex throughout its life, so the clone of a female plant is also female. In such plants a hermaphroditic trait self-expresses in an effort to continue the genetic line. Some vendors of feminized seeds assert that hermaphroditic "parents" do not create reliable feminized seeds, since the offspring may retain the tendency of hermaphrodytism.
Others believe that this method utilizing auto-hermaphroditic traits is offset by grower observations that the tendency to auto-switch sex is no greater in plants grown from seeds made this way, than occurs naturally. Colloidal silver commonly abbreviated CS suppresses ethylene production in bud sites, stimulating male characteristics.
Spraying selected leaves, branches and — in cases where a large amount of seed is desired — whole plants with colloidal silver solution has become a preferred method of obtaining feminized seeds. Most plants treated with CS will turn intersex within 2 weeks of triweekly treatment, producing viable pollen within 4. Gibberellic acid has also been used for the same purpose, but it is harder to acquire than colloidal silver and can be difficult to dissolve into solution.
Some cultivators claim that the genes responsible for hermaphroditism are present and may be expressed under stress from any of the above methods and that once expressed, this characteristic passes to seeds regardless of what activated it. This view, in large part, is incorrect, as a random half of the genes present in each of the parental plants passes to the next generation, regardless of whether the genes that contribute to hermaphroditism were induced by stressors or not.
This widely accepted Mendelian model of inheritance Mendelian inheritance does allow for genetic mutations that have occurred in the germline of an organism to be passed on to any offspring, but this process applies to all DNA sequences, not just those contributing to hermaphroditism.
The inheritance of acquired characteristics lamarckism that are not directly coded in the DNA sequence epigenetics has recently received much attention in the area of genetic research and could possibly explain any anecdotal evidence for increased hermaphroditism in the offspring of plants induced to a hermaphroditic state. However, a more likely explanation is that by propagating plants easily induced to hermaphroditism by environmental stressors, the frequency of genetic elements contributing to this trait is increased by artificial selection following traditional genetic models of inheritance.
Some theories suggest it is possible to selectively breed hermaphroditic cannabis to express the female flowering before the male flowering occurs, though this kind of selective breeding is beyond the capabilities of most cultivators. When crossing two strains of cannabis or two of any plant , the resultant hybrid may possess what is called hybrid vigor. In general, this produces a plant that is healthier, stronger, or quicker growing than its predecessors. Sometimes, in the case of a plant that has been brought back from fruiting fruition, as mentioned above , it may be beneficial to cross it back with another close relative, in the hopes that it becomes invigorated.
Like most plants, cannabis has the potential for vegetative propagation , with the most common and simple method being cutting. Cutting is characterized as a cloning method, since the derived plants have identical DNA to the "mother plants". Under appropriate environmental conditions, a cut part of the cannabis plant, typically from the main stem or a lateral branch, has the ability to produce roots and develop into a whole new plant the clone , genetically identical to the mother.
In cannabis, the production of roots may take anywhere from 5 to 21 days. The oldest method of cannabis propagation is water cloning. Used for nearly as long as agriculture has been a part of human development, one simply sticks the cut end of clone cutting into a small body of water like a glass or bowl and waits. Water cloning can take longer to show roots, but is a truly natural way to propagate any plant that is able. Marijuana growers often root clones in peat pellets compressed peat moss or in rock wool.
Another technique that has become popular for rooting clones is aeroponic cloning. Prior to the establishment of the first legal cannabis market in Colorado, United States, growers of the plant in the American State of Washington experimented with the use of cannabis waste for pig food.
In early , potent cannabis waste products were mixed into the feed of four pigs during the last four months of their lives, resulting in a weight increase of 20 pounds 9. The European Food Safety Authority reported in that "no studies concerning tolerance or effects of graded levels of THC in food-producing animals have been found in literature. Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation includes all the environmental issues which occur as a result of cannabis cultivation.
Cannabis agriculture is a massive industry in its scope and extent, yet its environmental impact is much less researched than comparable agricultural products produced at this scale. The history of framing cannabis production as an issue of drug use has suppressed discussion about cannabis production as a massive agricultural sector. Indoor cultivation of cannabis is common and research intensive. A United Nations report compared the environmental impact of cannabis against other drugs and found that cannabis pollutes less with dangerous chemicals.
Cannabis plants produce volatile organic compound in great enough amounts to increase the criteria air pollutants in indoor and outdoor environments. Cannabis in California is a frequent focus of study. One study found that cannabis production diverts water from watersheds. Cannabis in comparison to other crops could be an environmental benefit. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Process of planting, growing and harvesting cannabis. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. September Arts Culture. Edibles Smoking Tea Adult lifetime cannabis use by country Annual cannabis use by country.
Drug culture Illegal drug trade Psychedelia. See also: Cannabis. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources.
June Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Hydroponics. This section is an excerpt from Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation. To improve the soil, they mainly use: special AACT inoculations, growing companion crops, and even grazing goats, which loosen and aerate the soil with their hooves, and their droppings are used as a natural fertilizer.
ElSohly 23 May Cannabis sativa L. ISBN Retrieved on 7 August American Journal of Botany. PMID Bull Narc. Green Candy Press. Kannabia Seed Company. Retrieved 22 September Frontiers in Plant Science. PMC The Cannabis Grow Bible 4th ed.
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